Civil Design
The geometric design of roads is the branch of road engineering concerned with the positioning of the physical elements of the roadway according to standards and constraints. The basic objectives in geometric design are to optimize efficiency and safety while minimizing cost and environmental damage. Geometric design also affects an emerging fifth objective called “livability,” which is defined as designing roads to foster broader community goals, minimizing fuel use, emissions and environmental damage.
Drainage Design
Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of a surface’s water and sub-surface water from an area with excess of water which is originated from precipitation events, including rain and snow.
Structural Retaining Wall
Earth retaining structures are constructed of impermeable material which can block the path of groundwater. When groundwater flow is obstructed, hydrostatic water pressure buildups against the wall and may cause significant damage. If the water pressure is not drained appropriately, retaining walls can bow, move, fracture and seams separate. The water pressure can also erode soil particles leading to voids behind the wall and sinkhole in the above soil.